Integrated Exhaled Breath VOC Profiling and Serum sICAM-1 for Biomarker Characterization in Drug-Sensitive and Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Introduction: Rapid, non-invasive screening for drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is urgently needed in high-burden settings such as Indonesia, where sputum-based diagnostics have practical limitations. Integrating exhaled breath volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which reflect host–pathogen metabolic interactions, w...