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Author

A. Bjärtå

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Open access Aug 2026

Differential contributions of PTSD symptom clusters and their associations with resilience in traumatized individuals with a refugee background

ABSTRACT Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highly prevalent among refugees due to their exposure to traumatic events; however, many demonstrate resilience that mitigates its impact. Given the ethnocultural diversity of refugee populations, questions remain regarding whether their symptom presentation aligns with diagnostic and therapeutic frameworks developed in Western contexts. Furthermore, evidence is limited on how resilience relates to PTSD symptom clusters. Objective: We examined (a) the contribution of PTSD symptom clusters to the overall PTSD construct in traumatized individuals with a refugee background, and (b) the structural relationships between PTSD symptom clusters and psychological resilience. Method: The study included 267 (61% male) young adults (Mage = 25.21) with a refugee background who had experienced trauma. Questionnaires measured PTSD symptoms, psychological resilience and socio-demographic characteristics. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were utilized. Results: Hyperarousal, negative alterations in cognition and mood (NACM), and re-experiencing symptom clusters were stronger indicators of PTSD, compared to avoidance symptoms. Additionally, resilience exhibited a stronger association with hyperarousal and NACM than re-experiencing, while its association with avoidance was not significant. Conclusions: Hyperarousal represents an important symptom cluster within this population, possibly reflecting the impact of migration-related ongoing stressors. The findings also suggest patterns that may be related to ethnocultural differences in symptom expression and coping strategies. Higher resilience is associated with lower PTSD symptoms, but this association is contingent upon the strength of individual PTSD symptom clusters. Further research is warranted to replicate and extend these results.

M. Amiri, A. Bjärtå, K. Vernmark et al. · 0 citations
Open access Aug 2026

Cognitive resource allocation during first- and second language reading comprehension

Research has demonstrated reduced emotional reactivity in a second- (L2) compared to a first language (L1). One explanation for this states that L2 use is more cognitively demanding and thus leaves fewer resources available for emotion processing. Here, we specifically investigated this notion of differences in cognitive load during L1 and L2 use. EEG was used to investigate mismatch negativity during an auditory oddball paradigm. Native Swedish speakers with L2 English were asked to read text excerpts in their L1 and L2, whilst simultaneously listening to standard and deviant auditory tones to be ignored. The results showed significant oddball effects (i.e., mismatch negativity) in L1 but not in L2. Together with a lower accuracy in the L2 condition, these results imply a higher cognitive load during L2 reading. These findings are explained within a resource allocation framework and are suggested as a possible explanation of the underlying mechanisms of the foreign language effect.

Alexandra S. Dylman, A. Bjärtå, J. Bernhardsson · 0 citations

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