Review
Open access
Oct 2026
Systematic Review of Algal Toxins in Seals and Sea Lions: Could Unexplained Caspian Seal Mortalities Be Related to Harmful Algae?
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) produce potent neurotoxins, such as domoic acid (DA) and saxitoxin (STX), which negatively impact marine mammal health. To contextualize these threats within specific regional ecosystems, we conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of algal toxin concentrations in stranded and non-stranded se...
Yerassyl Temirbekov, Khaknazar Sadibek, Kakima Kastuganova et al.
· Toxins · 0 citations