Kallikrein Activation and Its Association with NT-proBNP, Cystatin C–Derived eGFR, and Cardiac Remodeling in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure and Early Cardiorenal Syndrome
Background: Neurohormonal activation plays a central role in the progression of chronic heart failure (CHF) and in the development of cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). However, the role of the kallikrein–kinin system in early CRS remains insufficiently investigated. Objective: To evaluate the association between serum kalli...