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Open access Aug 2026

Multimodal Large Language Models vs. Medical Doctors in Degenerative Lumbar Spine Surgery: A Retrospective Decision Concordance Study of 147 Patients

Off-the-shelf multimodal LLMs approximate human performance for binary surgical indication but remain inferior for precise level localization, establish a practice-relevant baseline of spatial reasoning limitations for tools already used by patients and junior doctors.

M. Hamdan, A. Harati, A. Al-bakheet et al. · 0 citations