Comparative structural and functional characterisation of lignin fractions isolated from grape stalks using green pretreatment technologies.
This study compares lignin-rich fractions recovered from grape stalks (GS) through different green biorefinery processing routes: alkaline pretreatment (AL), first and second deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment cycles (DES-L1 and DES-L2), and non-thermal air plasma (NTP) pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolys...