A. Patel

Influence of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Diversity on Immune Modulation, Pathogenesis, and Control of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus.

INTRODUCTION Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV), a member of the genus Capripoxvirus within the family Poxviridae, is an economically important transboundary viral pathogen affecting cattle and water buffalo. The disease causes severe production losses through decreased milk yield, infertility, hide damage, reduced growth performance, and occasional mortality. The rapid geographic spread of LSDV, together with its vectorborne transmission and emerging recombinant strains, has intensified the need for improved understanding of viral pathogenesis, host immune responses, and effective prevention strategies. In particular, the role of the bovine Major Histocompatibility Complex (BoLA/MHC) in regulating antiviral immunity, disease susceptibility, and vaccine responsiveness has gained increasing scientific attention. METHODS This review summarises the published literature related to the epidemiology, transmission, structure, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and control of LSDV, with special emphasis on the immunological and molecular role of bovine MHC molecules. Relevant studies concerning BoLA-mediated antigen presentation, immunoinformaticsbased epitope prediction, vaccine development, antiviral drug repurposing, molecular docking, genomic surveillance, and diagnostic approaches, including PCR- and ELISAbased assays, were critically evaluated. Recent advances in computational biology, molecular virology, and host-pathogen interaction studies were also reviewed. RESULTS The reviewed studies demonstrate that Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) possesses a complex double-stranded DNA genome enabling immune modulation and efficient transmission through arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and biting flies. Disease progression involves systemic viral replication, vascular injury, dermal necrosis, and inflammatory skin lesions. Real-time PCR remains the most sensitive diagnostic method for early detection, while ELISA supports surveillance. Evidence highlights the central role of bovine Major Histocompatibility Complex (BoLA) molecules in antigen presentation and T-cell activation. Computational studies identified promising BoLA-binding epitopes and repurposed antiviral candidates, including ivermectin, theaflavin, canagliflozin, and tepotinib, for future therapeutic development. DISCUSSION Current evidence indicates that effective LSDV control requires integration of molecular diagnostics, vector management, vaccination, and host immunogenetics. BoLAguided immunoinformatics provides promising opportunities for developing multi-epitope vaccines, although experimental validation remains essential. Similarly, repurposed antiviral candidates require comprehensive in vivo and pharmacological evaluation before clinical application. Future research should focus on elucidating viral immune-evasion mechanisms, validating predicted epitopes, and translating computational findings into practical vaccines and therapeutics for sustainable disease control. CONCLUSION Lumpy Skin Disease continues to pose a major threat to global cattle health and livestock economies. Advances in molecular diagnostics, genomic surveillance, antiviral drug discovery, and BoLA-guided vaccine design provide promising opportunities for improved disease control. Understanding the interaction between LSDV and the bovine MHC system is essential for developing next-generation vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and precision disease-management strategies. Future research should prioritise experimental validation of predicted epitopes, large-scale vaccine trials, and mechanistic studies on host-virus immune interactions to establish effective and sustainable global control programs for LSDV.

Phytochemical Landscape, Pharmacological Activities, and Translational Prospects of Callistemon citrinus: An Integrative Review

Callistemon citrinus (Myrtaceae), a traditional medicinal herb, has been used to treat various disorders associated with metabolism, digestion, inflammation, and respiration. Recent discoveries in pharmacology, together with the herb's diverse phytochemistry, have raised the possibility of multiple targets for medicinal interventions. This review attempts to critically analyse the phytochemical profile and pharmacology of C. citrinus. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases were used to do a systematic literature search until 2025. PRISMA-based guidelines were used to screen and analyze peer-reviewed research, including in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies. Information on biological activity, mechanisms, safety profiles, and phytochemistry was retrieved. Flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, tannins, and sterols are just a few of the many bioactive components found in C. citrinus. Pharmacological research demonstrates the antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, gastroprotective, neuroprotective, and anticancer properties. While other activities remain restricted to experimental models with inconsistent methodological quality, antioxidant and antibacterial benefits are supported by rather consistent preclinical data. Mechanistically, oxidative stress, inflammatory mediators, and metabolic pathways are all modulated. However, there is little experimental confirmation; new in silico research points to multi-target interactions. In acute and subacute models, toxicological research shows a favourable safety profile. C. citrinus has various pharmacological properties due to its unique phytochemistry. Although there is substantial research on its antioxidant and anti-microbial properties, all the information is based on experimental data. There is a need for clinical trials to prove its potential therapeutic benefits. Although C. citrinus has remarkable therapeutic promise, the paucity of clinical studies and pharmacokinetic data, and the lack of standardization hinder its clinical translation. Welldesigned clinical trials, bioavailability improvement, and mechanistic validation should be the top priorities for future research.

QSRR-Based RP-HPLC Method Development for Antiviral Drug Analysis: Machine Learning, Design of Experiments, and Sustainable Analytical Strategies—A Review