Modulation of the Gut–Kidney Axis Through Probiotics and Synbiotics in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Narrative Review
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, partly mediated through disruption of the gut–kidney axis. Gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to the accumulation of uremic toxins, systemic inflammation, and oxidative stress, thereby accelerating CKD progression. This...