Artificial Intelligence for Academic Writing and Speaking in Higher Education: A Systematic Review and the Mediated AI-Pedagogy Cycle
Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly shaping higher education, particularly in the development of academic writing and speaking skills. While AI tools offer immediate feedback and personalized learning opportunities, existing research often focuses on their effectiveness without fully addressing their pedagogical and ethical implications. This creates a need for a more critically informed understanding of how AI influences language learning. This study examines the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing both academic writing and speaking skills in higher education through a systematic review of recent empirical studies. Drawing on 109 studies published between 2022 and 2025, the review adopts PRISMA guidelines to identify trends in the use of these tools. The findings indicate significant benefits, including increased learner engagement, improved linguistic accuracy, and immediate individualized feedback. These benefits include lexical development, structural coherence, improved pronunciation, and increased learner confidence through iterative practices. However, the review also identifies critical challenges, including risks of overreliance, reduced learner autonomy, and concerns related to linguistic bias. To address these concerns, the study proposes the implementation of the Mediated AI-Pedagogy Cycle, which positions educators as mediating agents between AI affordances and learner development. The study contributes a pedagogically grounded framework for integrating AI into higher education language instruction.