A post-quantum privacy-preserving multimodal biometric authentication framework integrating ML-KEM (Kyber) and fully homomorphic encryption
Large-scale quantum computing poses a significant threat to classical public-key cryptography, as Shor’s algorithm can break widely used schemes such as RSA and elliptic curve cryptography, while Grover’s algorithm reduces the effective security of symmetric key systems. In parallel, deepfake-based spoofing attacks...