Spreading alpha-synuclein oligomers trigger astrocyte/microglial changes and astrocyte-glutamatergic neuron system dysfunction in an age-related manner
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive accumulation and spatio-temporal spread of α-synuclein (α-syn) oligomers and a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. Many studies showed a direct cytotoxic effect of α-syn oligomers on neurons. Other cell types including astrocytes or microglia were also...