Advances in hypoxia-modulated blood oxygen level-dependent MRI: a narrative review of physiological principles and applications for glioblastoma imaging.
Glioma imaging remains constrained by the limited ability of conventional MRI to capture biologically relevant tumor features beyond blood-brain barrier disruption. Hypoxia-modulated blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) MRI has emerged as a potential contrast-agent-free approach to probe oxygenation-related tumor physio...