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An-Hao Zhao

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#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

DIAL-OPD: Learning More from Fewer Tokens in On-Policy Distillation

On-policy distillation (OPD) supervises student-generated trajectories with token-level teacher signals. Its sampled-token variant avoids the cost of full-vocabulary probabilities. Yet we find that training on fewer tokens can outperform full-token OPD, challenging the intuition that more supervision improves learning....

An-Hao Zhao, Hao-Ran Xin, Jun-Long Tong et al. · 0 citations
Jul 2026

Post-Training Shifts Confidence: A Three-Stage Analysis of How SFT, RL, and OPD Shape CoT Calibration

A three-stage calibration framework that evaluates confidence before, during, and after chain-of-thought generation, corresponding to difficulty estimation, early termination, and answer aggregation finds that OPD provides the most useful pre-reasoning confidence, SFT gives the strongest online signal for early stoppin...

Shu-Hao Li, Guodong Du, An-Hao Zhao et al. · 1 citation

Reasoning Beyond Language: A Comprehensive Survey on Latent Chain-of-Thought Reasoning

This paper aims to present a comprehensive overview of this emerging paradigm and establish a systematic taxonomy of latent CoT methods, categorizing them from token-wise horizontal approaches to layer-wise vertical strategies.

Xinghao Chen, Anhao Zhao, He-Ming Xia et al. · 57 citations · ⚡3
Preprint Jul 2026

Post-Training Shifts Confidence: A Three-Stage Analysis of How SFT, RL, and OPD Shape Pre-, Intra-, and Post-CoT Calibration

A three-stage calibration framework that evaluates confidence before, during, and after chain-of-thought generation, corresponding to difficulty estimation, early termination, and answer aggregation finds that OPD provides the most useful pre-reasoning confidence, SFT gives the strongest online signal for early stoppin...

Shuhao Li, Guodong Du, Anhao Zhao et al. · 0 citations

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