Novel Biological Mechanisms in MDD Pathophysiology: Emerging Roles of Glymphatic Dysfunction, Ferroptosis, and Extracellular Vesicles (EVs).
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is one of the world's most disabling conditions. The traditional model focuses on monoaminergic imbalance, neurotrophic deficits, and hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction. However, this model does not fully account for the complex symptoms and treatment resistance obser...