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Apostolos Apostolou

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#small language model Open access Sep 2026

Measuring Frozen Accidents: Path-Dependent Emergence in Complex Adaptive Systems

Emergent order in technologies, living systems, and now learned machines is often a frozen accident: a system reliably organizes, but which organization forms is selected by history, not fixed by fundamentals. This is path dependence: an early lead under increasing returns locks in, as with QWERTY or VHS. Yet our measu...

Apostolos Apostolou · 0 citations
#small language model Open access Sep 2026

Measuring Frozen Accidents: Path-Dependent Emergence in Complex Adaptive Systems

Emergent order in technologies, living systems, and now learned machines is often a frozen accident: a system reliably organizes, but which organization forms is selected by history, not fixed by fundamentals. This is path dependence: an early lead under increasing returns locks in, as with QWERTY or VHS. Yet our measu...

Apostolos Apostolou · 0 citations

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