Arbab Waheed Ahmad

Review Open access 2026

A Comprehensive Survey on Connectivity in the Internet of Vehicles: Trends, Architectures, Technologies, and Challenges

Due to increasing vehicle density, urbanization, and complex mobility patterns, road traffic injuries continue to pose a serious threat to public health and safety on a global scale. This ongoing crisis highlights the urgent need for intelligent, connected, and proactive vehicular systems that can prevent collisions, reduce injuries, and optimize traffic flow in real-time. The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has become a key component of next-generation intelligent transportation, enabling seamless communication, data sharing, and collaborative decision-making among vehicles, roadside infrastructure, and cloud services. However, the effectiveness of current IoV communication frameworks in the real world is hampered by issues such as high latency, inefficient bandwidth utilization, limited scalability, and inadequate trust management. To address these challenges, this survey thoroughly examines 50 cutting-edge studies (2021–2025), including V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle), V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure), and hybrid V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) communication, edge–fog–cloud orchestration, 5G/6G integration, SDN (Software Defined Networking)/NFV (Network Function Virtualization) programmability, and security and trust-aware techniques. We provide a structured comparative analysis of communication types, enabling technologies, and limitations. Building on these insights, we propose an adaptive multi-tier IoV connectivity architecture that offers ultra-low latency, high scalability, and robust interoperability through distributed edge–cloud processing, AI-driven resource orchestration, adaptive blockchain-enabled security, and cross-technology communication control. Furthermore, we identify persistent research gaps and outline targeted future directions. The analysis suggests that AI-based optimization combined with hybrid and multi-tier designs has the potential to significantly improve network resilience, adaptability, and efficiency, offering a promising foundation for high-performance, secure, and reliable IoV systems.

Arbab Waheed Ahmad, M. Derawi, Raja Sana Gul · IEEE Open Journal of the Com... · 0 citations

Open access Jul 2026

Intelligent Congestion Control in the Internet of Vehicles Employing Network Slicing in 5G Architecture

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a decentralized network architecture that enables autonomous driving, real-time applications, infotainment services, and seamless vehicle-to-everything communication. While infotainment systems enhance the user experience by providing entertainment and navigation features, their high data demands can cause network congestion, potentially delaying mission-critical messages and compromising safety and reliability. Further, the increasing volume of connected devices and data traffic exacerbates these challenges, resulting in high latency, low throughput, and reduced network efficiency. To address this, we propose a novel lightweight adaptive network slicing strategy with four dedicated slices and priority-weighted dynamic bandwidth allocation for IoV networks to mitigate congestion and ensure the availability of the required bandwidth for critical communications. The proposed mechanism defines four distinct network slices, allocating resources to balance infotainment and mission-critical needs. Simulation results demonstrate that our approach achieves ultra-low latency (<5 ms), near-zero packet loss (<0.5%), and high throughput (53 Mbps for infotainment), significantly outperforming existing methods, and ensuring reliable communication for safety-critical tasks while improving spectrum utilization. Findings validate implementing network slicing in IoV environments, paving the way for efficient, congestion-free, and high-performance vehicular networks.

Arbab Waheed Ahmad, Raja Sana Gul, M. Derawi · Italian National Conference... · 0 citations