Skin Barrier-Informed Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery: Excipient-Driven Strategies, Vehicle Transformation, and Translational Challenges
Topical and transdermal dosage forms can localize therapy or provide controlled systemic exposure, but translation is limited by the selective stratum corneum (SC) barrier and post-application changes in formulation. Existing reviews often address individual enhancers or carriers without integrating drug properties, ve...