Open access
Sep 2026
A Data-Tiered Lifecycle Cost Framework for Risk-Based Renewal of Water Distribution Networks
Most North American drinking water mains were installed in the 1940s–1960s and are now past their design service life, especially cast-iron mains. Most existing lifecycle costing frameworks work with specific levels of data that smaller utilities rarely hold. Many also omit discounting, which obscures the net present v...
Saad Ibrahim, B. Kalyan, Haider Ibrahim et al.
· Water · 0 citations