Mechanistic hazard differentiation of cerium oxide and barium sulfate nanoparticles using a human-relevant lung model.
Increasing regulatory pressure to reduce animal testing has accelerated the development of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) for hazard assessment. This study employed a Calu-3/monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) co-culture at the air-liquid interface to assess the biological effects of cerium oxide (CeO₂) and barium s...