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Barakat Saad Ibrahim

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Open access Aug 2026

Adversarial Latency Watermarking: Covertly Encoding Zero Bit Keys in Federated Learning Model Updates

These findings expose time as a first class security primitive in FL systems and recommend integrating timing randomization, lightweight monitoring, and scheduler level defenses into frameworks such as Tensor Flow Federated.

Barakat Saad Ibrahim, Ahmed Hameed Shakir, Hasan Jameel · 0 citations