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Bilal M. J. Ibrahim Zakarneh

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Open access Oct 2026

Human vs. AI: A Comparative Analysis of Translating Near-Synonymy in the Quran

Near-synonymy in the Qur’an challenges translators because related lexical items can differ in intensity, scope, expressive force, and contextual function. This exploratory qualitative study compares selected English expressions by Arberry and Irving with excerpts reported as GPT-4 outputs. Eleven lexical items in ten...

Bilal M. J. Ibrahim Zakarneh, Yasser Alrefaee · International Journal of Lin... · 0 citations