Inhalation Bioaccessibility, Pollution Assessment, and Speciation of Heavy Metals in PM2.5RD Road Dust from Urban and Semi-Urban Areas of Pakistan
Ambient exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) remains a critical global public health concern; however, the speciation and bioaccessibility mechanisms of particle-bound heavy metals within the lung environment are still insufficiently understood. In particular, the role of soluble and insoluble metal species in s...