Systems Perspectives on Circular Energy Supply Chains: Diversification, Supply-Risk Reduction, and Self-Limiting Recovery Paths in Istanbul’s Waste-to-Energy Transition (2020–2024)
Municipal waste management is conceptualized as a circular energy supply chain in which waste flows through parallel recovery pathways. This study examines Istanbul’s waste-to-energy transition between 2020 and 2024 using portfolio decomposition, concentration indices (Herfindahl–Hirschman index, effective source count...