Mitochondrial oxidative stress and ion-channel suppression reveal a distinct neurotoxic profile of fentanyl analogues in a human neuronal model.
Fentanyl analogues, including butyrylfentanyl (BUF) and 4-fluorobutyrylfentanyl (4F-BUF), are increasingly implicated in severe toxicity and fatal overdoses. While their pharmacological activity at µ-opioid receptors is well established, the cellular mechanisms underlying their neurotoxic effects remain incompletely un...