Stage-dependent doxorubicin toxicity impairs C2C12 myogenesis via AMPK/AKT-FOXO signaling and is attenuated by metformin.
Doxorubicin (DOX) can compromise skeletal muscle, but whether toxicity depends on myogenic stage is unclear. C2C12 myoblasts were exposed to non‑cytotoxic DOX (0.025-0.1μg/mL) before differentiation (24h) or after 3 days of differentiation (48h), with or without metformin (Met; 0.1-2mM). Pre‑differentiation DOX markedl...