Spatiotemporal Evolution, Regional Disparities, and Convergence Analysis of Green Total Factor Productivity in China’s Apple Industry
Under tightening resource and environmental constraints, this study evaluates green total factor productivity (GTFP) in China’s apple industry. A balanced panel of eight major apple-producing provincial-level regions from 2006 to 2024 is analyzed using a Global Malmquist-Luenberger index with carbon emissions as an und...