Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are highly promising functional prebiotics with excellent stability and intestinal regulatory activity, whose physiological efficacy is strictly dependent on their degree of polymerization (DP), with low-DP XOS (DP 2-3, mainly xylobiose and xylotriose) being the core active components. Recent advances in lignocellulosic biorefinery and enzymatic engineering have greatly expanded XOS feedstock sources and improved production efficiency, while the controllable preparation and efficient application of high-purity low-DP XOS remain the core bottleneck restricting the high-quality development of the XOS industry. This review systematically summarizes the latest research progress of lignocellulose-derived XOS, covering feedstock screening and evaluation, preparation technology comparison, DP-dependent functional mechanisms, and multi-scenario application advances. It highlights the unique advantages of mild organic acid pretreatment combined with specific enzymatic hydrolysis in low-DP XOS production, and the broad application prospects of low-DP XOS in precision nutrition and biomedicine, providing a comprehensive theoretical reference for subsequent research. Emerging promising approaches include continuous-flow reactors with real-time DP monitoring and high-specificity GH11 xylanase engineering, while future research will focus on targeted synthesis of specific DP XOS, in-depth dissection of molecular action mechanisms, and development of customized functional products.
Xuan Ge, Chen-Huan Lai, Caoxing Huang et al.· Journal of Food Science· 0 citations
Electroactive biomaterials represent a promising strategy for reconstructing the electrobiological microenvironment of bone and enhancing tissue regeneration. Among these materials, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and its composites have attracted considerable attention because of their mixed electronic and ionic conductivity and compatibility with soft and porous scaffolds. However, existing reviews rarely address how fabrication strategies govern the relationships between structure, properties, and translational performance. This review establishes a fabrication, performance, and translation framework for PEDOT-based bone repair systems. Fabrication strategies are categorized into interfacial polymerization, bulk matrix and solution-processed conductive networks, patterned and fibrous conductive architectures, and porous and 3-dimensional scaffold fabrication and are correlated with conductive network topology, mechanical performance, and cytocompatibility. The mechanistic roles of PEDOT in osteogenesis, angiogenesis, immunomodulation, and electroresponsive drug release are further summarized. In addition, this review discusses the key trade-offs that limit practical applications, including the balance between conductivity and degradability, mechanical strength and porosity, as well as multifunctionality and manufacturability. Overall, this review provides a framework-oriented perspective to guide the rational design and clinical translation of PEDOT-based bioelectronic materials for bone tissue engineering.
