Carmine Zoccali

Reframing kidney outcomes in CKD trials: eGFR slopes, competing risks, and pragmatic trial design.

In both clinical research and study design, the definition of outcomes for chronic kidney disease (CKD) is changing. New molecules available for testing in humans, and the fact that kidney diseases are best treated earlier in their course, make the duration of studies requiring 'hard endpoints' longer than is feasible...

Beyond Kt/V: Redefining Dialysis Adequacy as Targeted Cardiovascular Risk Reduction.

BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in patients receiving maintenance dialysis, whereas conventional thrice-weekly hemodialysis was developed primarily around small-solute clearance rather than cardiovascular protection. AIM This narrative review examines dialysis strategies intended...

Endothelin receptor antagonism for resistant hypertension in chronic kidney disease: where does aprocitentan fit?

Resistant hypertension, defined as blood pressure (BP) above target despite maximally tolerated doses of at least three antihypertensive agents, including a diuretic, after excluding pseudo-resistance, is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and is associated with persistently low rates of BP control [ 1 , 2 ]. Unco...

Personalizing cardiovascular prevention in chronic kidney disease: an operational framework for risk-treatment mapping.

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) bear a disproportionate burden of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality, yet preventive strategies in clinical practice remain remarkably conservative and largely therapy-centered. The 2024 KDIGO guideline on CKD evaluation and management advocates the systematic use of...

The nephrologist in the present and near future: between algorithms and autonomy.