Effects of Exercise Interventions on Peripheral Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: An Umbrella Meta-Analysis Across Clinical and Healthy Populations
Background and Objectives: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) supports neuronal function and plasticity, but exercise meta-analyses may reuse primary studies and combine distinct outcomes. We evaluated review-level evidence while preventing direct reuse of the same primary-study evidence within pooled syntheses i...