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Open access Sep 2026

Structured Freedom: How AI, Teacher Support, and Periodic Testing Shape Engagement in Informal Vocabulary Learning

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed informal language learning, providing learners with flexible, self-directed opportunities for vocabulary acquisition outside formal classroom instruction. This study examined how AI use, teacher support, and periodic testing influence Chinese EFL lea...

Barry Lee Reynolds, Yang Gao, Chen Ding et al. · 0 citations

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