Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus -Derived Extracellular Vesicles Alleviate Colitis via PPAR Signaling and the Gut Microbiota–Metabolite Axis
Intestinal barrier dysfunction is a hallmark of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), yet effective therapies remain limited, and the mechanisms of probiotic-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are poorly understood. Using complementary cell, murine, and intestinal organoid models, we investigated the protective effects...