A clinically translatable coating-free strategy for 3D-printed porous titanium implants: TiO2 nanotubes simultaneously prevent infection and promote bone integration
Orthopedic implants face persistent clinical challenges of peri-implant infection and impaired osseointegration, especially in high-risk populations with trauma, osteoporosis, or diabetes. Herein, we report a coating-free strategy integrating three-dimensional (3D) printing and electrochemical anodization to fabricate...