Preprint
Jul 2026
The Fidelity and Feedback Traps: The Case for Health Digital Twins as Modular Evolving Causal Systems
It is argued that health digital twins should be conceived as causally valid, modular, and evolving systems, and concluded that the standard for a health twin should be how well it supports decisions in the world it helps create, not how faithfully it reproduces the world it observes.
Nikki L. B. Freeman, Yating Zou, Kyungbok Lee et al.
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