In Silico Multitarget Profiling of Betulinic Acid: ADME/Protox-II Toxicity, Network Pharmacology, and Molecular Docking for Diabetic Osteoporosis.
INTRODUCTION Diabetic osteoporosis (DO) is a chronic consequence of diabetes mellitus marked by disrupted bone metabolism and elevated fracture risk, with no effective strategies currently available. Betulinic acid (BA) is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid demonstrating anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and osteoprote...