Protocatechualdehyde ameliorates temporal lobe epilepsy via synergistic regulation of HMGB1-TLR4-NF-κB pathway and metabolic reprogramming.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most prevalent subtype of epilepsy, characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures. Gastrodia elata Blume, a classic traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has long been clinically applied for the intervention of neurological disorders including epilepsy....