D. Żatuchin

Where Does the Noise Come From? A Variance-Components Decomposition of Non-Determinism in LLM Brand Answers

A crossed random-effects (generalizability-theory) decomposition is specified that partitions the total variance of a response-level brand outcome into these four sources, and embeds the components in a decision-study allocation that returns how many repeats, paraphrases, models, and languages to buy for a target reliability.