CF-NODE: Counterfactual Spatial Node Intervention for Test-Time Adaptation Under Domain Shift, Evaluated Across Five Diabetic Retinopathy Datasets
CF-NODE outperforms all four methods with statistically significant improvements over the second-best method, improves AUC on every target domain, and attains the highest average AUC and macro-F1, delivering stronger grade discrimination together with more balanced recognition across DR severity levels.