Electrical Discharge Machining of Titanium Alloys: A Comprehensive Review of Process Variants, Sustainable Dielectrics, Intelligent Optimization, and Biomedical–Aerospace Applications
Titanium alloys remain among the most challenging materials to process by conventional machining due to their low thermal conductivity, high melting point, elevated chemical reactivity, and strong tendency toward tool adhesion. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) continues to be a pivotal non conventional manufacturin...