Toward ultracentrifugation-free processing and long-term preservation of outer membrane vesicles by culture optimization, tangential flow filtration, diafiltration, and lyophilization
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are bacterial membrane nanoparticles with applications in host–microbe interaction studies, vaccines, molecular delivery, and microbial biotechnology. However, OMV workflows often rely on ultracentrifugation, limiting accessibility and process integration. Here, we evaluated a laboratory-...