Development of a Particle Swarm Optimization-Based PI Controller for Temperature Control of a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor in the Petrochemical Industry
-Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs) are important process units in the petrochemical industry, where effective temperature and concentration control is essential for maintaining product quality, process safety, and operational efficiency. The nonlinear characteristics of CSTRs, coupled with process disturbances a...