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Dong Li

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Open access Aug 2026

AB-SAM: A SAM-Based Asymmetric Boundary-Aware Model for the Semantic Segmentation of Small and Medium-Sized Landslides

Small- and medium-sized landslides frequently occur in clusters and exhibit fragmented morphologies, irregular boundaries, and spectral characteristics similar to surrounding roads, bare soil, and sparsely vegetated surfaces, making their automated extraction from remote sensing imagery challenging. Although the Segment Anything Model (SAM) provides strong general-purpose segmentation capabilities, its direct application to landslide mapping is limited by the geoscience domain gap and its dependence on external prompts. This study proposes the Asymmetric Boundary-aware Segment Anything Model (AB-SAM), a parameter-efficient adaptation of SAM for automated landslide semantic segmentation. AB-SAM integrates three task-specific components. First, the offline Multi-Feature Variation-Guided Prompting (MF-VGP) module generates cached auxiliary bounding boxes from registered pre- and post-event images without accessing ground-truth masks. Second, the Asymmetric Feature Augmentation (AFA) strategy combines geometric perturbation, CutMix, and asymmetric dual-branch supervision, in which a Hint-free branch serves as the primary optimization pathway and a lower-weight box-guided branch provides auxiliary spatial supervision. Third, the Boundary-Aware Morphological Prompting (BAMP) module injects trainable boundary-aware morphological information into the largely frozen SAM image encoder. During validation, testing, and application, only the Hint-free branch is retained, enabling inference using post-event imagery without external point, box, or mask prompts. On the fixed, spatially disjoint Zixing test set, AB-SAM achieved an overall accuracy of 96.171%, a precision of 68.149%, a recall of 60.011%, an F1-score of 63.822%, a landslide-class Intersection over Union of 46.867%, and a mean Intersection over Union of 71.452%. Repeated experiments with three random seeds showed low run-to-run variation. Direct evaluation without retraining on the Hokkaido Iburi-Tobu dataset yielded a mean Intersection over Union of 66.136%, providing evidence of cross-region and cross-event transferability. These results demonstrate that AB-SAM provides a practical parameter-efficient framework for automated, hint-free landslide segmentation, although further evaluation across additional regions, sensors, and landslide-size distributions remains necessary.

Jiting Tang, Zhiwei Liang, SuLi Guo et al. · 0 citations
2026

TFVP-MLLM: Training-Free Visual Prompting Multimodal Large Language Model for Remote Sensing Image Classification

The multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved breakthroughs in remote sensing applications because of their powerful cross-modal understanding, enabling effective alignment between linguistic descriptions and visual data. However, the existing MLLM-based approaches still suffer from challenges, such as inaccurate region localization, limited domain adaptability, and high computational costs. To overcome these limitations, we propose a training-free visual prompting MLLM called TFVP-MLLM, which is built on visual prompting guidance and a scoring feedback mechanism to achieve high-quality remote sensing image classification under low resource constraints. Our TFVP-MLLM is composed of the category proposal generator (CPG) and the score feedback refiner (SFR). The CPG is responsible for generating high-quality candidate categories by integrating the proposed geographic priors injection module (GPIM) and hybrid-granularity region attention loss (HGRAL). Meanwhile, SFR uses an iterative generate and score process to enhance the accuracy and reliability of the candidate categories. As two critical components of CPG, GPIM incorporates prior geographic knowledge to significantly improve the model’s domain adaptation, while HGRAL optimizes visual token representations with several frozen modules to reduce computational requirements. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed TFVP-MLLM, the comprehensive experiments are conducted on three benchmark datasets UCM, AID, and DIOR-RSVG. For the scene classification task, TFVP-MLLM achieves the state-of-the-art performance among training-free multimodal approaches with overall classification accuracies of 97.8% and 82.4% on the UCM and AID datasets, respectively. For the regional object classification task, TFVP-MLLM achieves remarkable scores of 92.4% semantic similarity (SS) and 88.6% semantic intersection over union (SIOU) on the DIOR-RSVG dataset, which surpasses the other training-free methods and even achieves comparable results against supervised approaches. In addition, we perform a series of ablation studies to confirm the effectiveness of each module. The source code is available at https://github.com/Camellia86/TFVP-MLLM

Yifei Xu, Zixiang Ni, Pingping Wei et al. · 0 citations