Open access
Oct 2026
Electroconvulsive therapy shifting brain dynamics toward more adaptive and integrated states in treatment-resistant depression based on a hidden markov model.
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is characterized by persistent symptoms and poor response to conventional therapies, yet its dynamic neural mechanisms and treatment-related changes remain incompletely understood. This study applied a hidden Markov model (HMM) combined with neurotransmitter atlas mapping to investi...
Tan Li, Le-Yi Zhang, Yi-Ding Han et al.
· Neurotherapeutics · 0 citations