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Dwayne Woods

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Open access Oct 2026

Populism and Heterogeneous Effects: The Causal Mechanisms Identification Problem

This paper argues that empirical political science has conflated two distinct identification problems: identifying treatment effects and identifying the causal mechanisms through which treatments operate. The credibility revolution strengthened the first task but was not designed to solve the second. Yet heterogeneou...

Dwayne Woods · 0 citations
Open access Jul 2026

Levels of Inference: Identification, Explanation, and the Architecture of Causal Knowledge in Political Science

Gailmard (2026) and Dowding and Miller (2026) draw attention to a methodological gap that political science has yet to adequately address: causal identification, on its own, does not constitute causal explanation. Both contributions help clarify the gap. We extend their analyses in three ways. First, we identify thre...

Dwayne Woods · 0 citations
Review Open access Jul 2026

Piercing a Methodological Bubble: Large Language Models and the Social Sciences

Recognizing this clarifies where LLMs are most useful: as tools for abductive reasoning and theory development, not autonomous instruments of measurement or inference in social science research.

Dwayne Woods · 1 citation

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