Combustion, knock, and emissions of ethanol–iso-butanol–gasoline blends in a DISI engine: The role of ignition timing
This study investigates the influence of ignition timing and high-volume alcohol gasoline blends on the performance, combustion, knock, and emission characteristics of a direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) engine. Experiments were conducted at 5000 rpm under full-load and slightly rich conditions (λ ≈ 0.91) using...