Author

E. M. Toro Ocampo

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Open access Sep 2026

A Hybrid Memetic Algorithm for Asymmetric Vehicle Routing with Topographic Constraints: Quantifying the Orographic Gap in Mountain Urban Networks

Classical vehicle routing models assume flat, symmetric road networks, yet mountain cities exhibit gravitational asymmetry and steep gradients that invalidate two-dimensional cost estimates and may produce mechanically infeasible routes. This study formalizes the Asymmetric Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with Topo...

Alejandra María Restrepo-Franco, Orlando Valencia-Rodríguez, E. M. Toro Ocampo et al. · Algorithms · 0 citations

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