Surfactant-free synthesis of copper-incorporated bioactive glass nanoparticles for controlled ion release, antibacterial activity, and apatite-forming ability.
OBJECTIVES Infection-driven failure remains a major challenge in regenerative endodontics, underscoring the need for advanced biomaterials that can simultaneously promote dentin regeneration and provide sustained antimicrobial activity. This study developed a surfactant- and template-free sol-gel strategy, combined wit...