Review
Open access
Aug 2026
Why the mortality penalty of smoking is rising over time
Abstract The adverse association between smoking and mortality is well known, yet estimated risks for smokers have risen markedly in recent decades. Explanations range from physiological impacts of changes in smoking intensity to shifts in the social characteristics of smokers. However, these hypotheses have rarely bee...
Ralph Lawton, J. B. Dowd, Jonathan S. Skinner et al.
· PNAS Nexus · 0 citations