Temporal Dynamics of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) in Semi-Arid Gadarif Region, Sudan (1985–2024)
Monitoring vegetation and hydrological dynamics in semi-arid ecosystems is critical for understanding responses to climate variability and anthropogenic pressures. This study employs multi-temporal Landsat satellite imagery (1985–2024) to examine spatiotemporal changes in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (N...