Review
Open access
Sep 2026
A systematic review of the crested porcupine optimizer: variants and applications
The Crested Porcupine Optimizer, first presented in 2024, is a population-based metaheuristic that has been inspired by the multimodal defense behaviors of crested porcupines. Its unique characteristics in defense-driven movement patterns and explicit repulsion-attraction mechanisms have attracted the attention of many...
Hai-Yu Yu, A. As'arry, Hao-Hao Ma et al.
· Applied intelligence (Boston... · 0 citations