Market-capitalization concentration in the Standard & Poor’s 500 (S&P 500) rose sharply between 2016 and 2025, and the explanation usually offered is the economy of bits: negligible marginal cost, network effects, and intangible capital are held to let a few firms scale without scaling their balance sheets. This paper...
Sarthak Pattnaik, Chhayank Jain, Eugene Pinsky· Journal of Risk and Financia...· 0 citations
Large-scale artificial intelligence systems increasingly disclose energy and carbon metrics, but their freshwater costs remain less consistently measured. This paper introduces the Water Cost of Intelligence (WCI), a per-query metric combining direct water consumed for on-site data-center cooling with indirect water co...
Bhanu Sharma, Amit Tiwari, Rashanjot Kaur et al.· Green· 0 citations
This paper tests whether reinforcement learning improves monthly commodity-sector rotation once the experiment is reconstructed from investable instruments, strong active benchmarks, realistic costs, and strictly chronological validation. Total returns for energy (DBE), gold (GLD), agriculture (DBA), and base metals (D...
Gourav Salotra, Eugene Pinsky· Risks· 0 citations
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